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DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins) block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4, prolonging the action of GLP-1 and GIP incretin hormones to reduce blood glucose in a glucose-dependent manner
GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide are FDA-approved medications originally developed to treat type 2 diabetes
Although foods with empty calories provide immediate energy, they cannot be used efficiently for maintaining body homeostasis and are ultimately stored as fat
Table 1: Patients clinical and biological characteristics BMI: body mass index, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin, TLC: total leucocyte count, CRP: C-reactive protein, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, kg/m2: kilogram per square meter, bpm: beats per minute, mmHg: millimeters of mercury, g/dL: grams per deciliter, fL: femtoliters, pg: picograms, mg/dl: milligrams per deciliter, mmoL/L: millimoles per liter, U/L: units per liter, pg/mL: picograms per milliliter, ng/dL: nanograms per deciliter, uIU/mL: micro-international units per milliliter, ug/dL: micrograms per deciliter, ng/mL: nanograms per milliliter
