Methods This is a prospective study of 204,953 individuals aged 45 years sampled from the general population of New South Wales, Australia, who joined the 45 and Up Study from 20062009, with linked questionnaire, hospitalisation, and mortality data to mid-2012 and with no history of cancer (other than melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer), heart disease, stroke, or thrombosis
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Although the exact mechanisms underlying smoking-related immunopathology are not fully understood, there is ample evidence that smoking impairs both innate and adaptive immunity
Meanwhile, in the long term (more than five years), the risk of cancer and heart disease increases significantly